Review of the Embryology of the Teeth
Learning Objective: The reader will understand the current theory as to how the human tooth configuration arose, as well as the embryology and anatomy of the teeth, the process of tooth eruption, alterations in the number and morphology of the teeth, and inflammatory conditions.
Keywords: AI = amelogenesis imperfecta; AMELX = amelogenin X-linked protein coding gene; AXIN2 = axin-like protein or axis inhibition protein; BARX1 = barH-like homeobox gene; BMP (2,4,7) = bone morphogenic protein; CBFA1 = osteoblastic-specific transcription factor; CSF-1 = colony-stimulating factor 1; DD = dentin dysplasia; DGI = dentinogenesis imperfecta; DIX1‐2,3,5,6,7 = homeobox genes; DLX2 = distal-less homeobox gene 2; DLX3 = DSPP = dentin sialophosphoprotein; EDA = ectodysplasin signaling molecule; EDAR = receptor for EDA; EDARADD = intracellular adapter protein EDAR-binding death domain adaptor; EGF = epidermal growth factor; ENAM = enamelin a protein coding gene; EPHA4 = ephrin type A receptor (tyrosine kinase receptor); FGF (4,8,9) = fibroblast growth factor; GAS1 = hedgehog co-receptor, growth arrest specific-1; IL-1α = Interleukin-1α (also known as hematopoietin 1); KLK4 = kallikrein-related peptidase 4, a protein coding gene; LHX6,7 = homeobox genes; Laminins = high molecular proteins of the extracellular matrix = aid in anchoring the keratinocytes to the = underlying dermis; MAX1/2 = homeobox genes; MCP-1 = monocyte chemotactic protein; MMP (20) = matrix metalloproteinase; MSX1, 2 = homeobox mshlike 1 and 2; NFkB = nuclear transcription factor; NGF-R = nerve growth factor receptor; OCP = octacalcium phosphate; OHAP = hydroxyapatite; PAX (9) = paired box transcription factor homeobox gene; PITX2 = homeobox gene; PTHRP = parathyroid hormone‐related protein; RUNT = RUNX = hedgehog co-receptor, runt-related transcription factor; RUNX2 = runt-related co-factor involved in osteoblastic and skeletal morphogenesis; SHH = sonic hedgehog protein; SPROUTY2 = growth factor-antagonist; TGF (α, β) = transforming growth factor; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; WNT (10A and B) = wingless/int1 family of secreted signaling molecules; p21 = cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor or cyclin-dependent-kinase interacting protein
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: October 1, 2018
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