Embryology and Anatomy of the Skin, Its Appendages, and Physiologic Changes in the Head and Neck
Learning Objective: The reader will learn about the development of the skin and the critical role that skin plays in both prenatal and postnatal life.
Keywords: AMPK = 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase is an enzyme that plays a role in cellular energy homeostasis; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; BAT = brown adipose tissue; BMP = bone morphogenetic protein; BMZ = basement membrane zone; CNS = central nervous system; Dsg = desmoglein a family of cadherins that play a role in the formation of desmosomes; ECM = extracellular matrix; FGF = fibroblast growth factor; IL = interleukin; LTMR = low-threshold mechanoreceptor; MC1R = melanocortin 1 receptor; MITF = melanogenesis associated transcription factor; MSH = melanocyte-stimulating hormone; MYF5 = myogenic factor 5; MYFS = myogenic regulatory factor myogenic regulatory factors are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulate myogenesis; NOTCH = A transmembrane receptor for Delta and Serrate, mediating cell‐cell interactions; PAR2 = protease-activated receptor 2; SHH = sonic hedgehog, a protein, a ligand in the Hedgehog pathway; TYR = tyrosinase; UCP = uncoupling of protein; UCP1 = mitochondrial carrier proteins that catalyze a regulated proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane; UV = ultraviolet; UVA= the longest wave length of UV; WAT = white adipose tissue; WNT = Wingless/int1 family of secreted signaling; cadherin = Cadherins are a class of type-1 transmembrane proteins that play a role in cell adhesion; dermo1 = dermal marker; keratin = K a family of fibrous structural proteins that protects epithelial cells from damage or stress; melanocortin = melanocortins are a group of peptide hormones, which include adrenocorticotropic hormone and the different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone they are derived from the pituitary gland; protein kinase C = plays a crucial role in signal transduction for a variety of biologically active substances that activate cellular functions and proliferation
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: October 1, 2017
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