Embryology, Variations, and Innervations of the Human Neck Muscles
Learning Objective: The reader will understand the origins of the various muscles of the face and neck, and the origins of the nerves that innervate these muscles.
Keywords: FGF = fibroblast growth factor; MYOD = a transcription factor protein that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation; NOTCH = Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms; there are 4 different notch receptors, referred to as NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and NOTCH4; the notch receptor is a single-pass transmembrane receptor protein and notch signaling is required in regulating cell polarity and cell‐cell communication; WNT = Wingless/int1 family of secreted signaling molecules; mRNA = messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template; during transcription it mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: June 1, 2017
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