The Current Concepts of the Embryology of the Lymphatic System
Learning Objective: To understand how the lymphatic system develops and what can go wrong when it does not develop normally.
Keywords: ALK-1 = activin receptor-like kinase 1; ANG = angiopoietin; CCBE1 = collagen and calcium binding protein; CCL = lymphoid chemokine; CCR7 = lymphoid chemokine 7; CD = cluster of differentiation molecule; CDC42 = cell division control protein 42; CER7 = arabidopsis thaliana gene 7; CLEC-2 = A receptor on platelets; COUP-TFII = COUP (chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter) transcription factor 2; CXCL = lymphoid chemokine (C-X-C motif chemokine also known as B lymphocyte chemoattractant protein); CXCR5 = lymphoid chemokine receptor; CYP26B1 = a gene encoding a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily; ClES-2 = COUP transcription factor two also known as NR2F2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2); Dll4 = delta-like 4; ECM = extracellular matrix; EMILIN-1 = an elastic microfibule-associated protein found in the ECM; EPH = belongs to the subfamily of protein-tyrosine kinase family and serves as ligands for the ephrin receptor; Ephrin = receptor for EPH; FIAF = fasting-induced adipose factor; FN-E111A = fibronectin protein; FOXC2 = Forkhead box protein C2; GATA = globin transcription factor 1; GJC2 = gap junction protein 2; HEV = high endothelial venule; HGF = hepatocyte growth factor; HIF-1 = hypoxia inducible factor; ICAM1+ = intercellular adhesion molecule; ID2 = the negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix protein signaling; IL = interleukin; Integrin a5b1 = mediates cell adhesion and migration on fibronectin; KRAS = Kirsten rat sarcoma gene; LEC = lymphatic endothelial cell; LT = lymphotoxin (α and β); LTi = lymphoid tissue inducer; LVC = lymphatic valve-forming cell; LYVE-1 = A transmembrane receptor for glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan; MC = mesenchymal organizer cell; MET = receptor for HGF; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; NEMO NF-kappa-B essential modulator gene; NFATC1 = nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent-1; NKRAS = homolog of KRAS; NOTCH = NOTCH signaling is required in regulating cell polarity and cell-cell communication; NRP = neuropilin; P13K = phosphoinositde 3-kinase; PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor; PECAM-1 = platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; PLCγ2 = phospholipase C gamma 2 protein; PROX-1 = prospero-related homeobox-1; PTPN14,11 = protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 14, 11; Podoplanin = a mucin-type glycoprotein expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells; RA = retinoic acid; RAC1 = also known as Ras-related C3l; RΟγt = orphan nuclear hormone receptor; SLC = human solute carrier; SLP = adapter protein involved in signal transduction cascade; SLP6SH2 = SLP76SH2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa; SOS1 = son of sevenless homolog 1; SOX = sex determining region Y-box transcription factor; SYK = spleen tyrosine kinase protein or Helsingin Suomalainen Yhteiskoulu molecule: tyrosine kinase; TGFβ = transforming growth factor β; TIE = tyrosine kinase receptor; TRANCE = THF-related activation-induced cytokine; VCAM = vascular cell adhesion molecule; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; mRNA = messenger RNA chain; myocardin A smooth muscle‐specific transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor; α9 = neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: April 1, 2017
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