Current Embryology of the Temporal Bone, Part II: the Middle and External Ears, the Statoacoustic and Facial Nerves, and When Things Go Developmentally Wrong
Learning Objective: The reader will understand the development of the ear and how it can lead to the congenital variations that are encountered in a radiology practice.
Keywords: BDNF = Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; BEN = Bursal epithelium and neurons, a surface glycoprotein; BMP = Bone morphogenetic protein; BRN3 = Brain-3, a POU domain transcription factor; CONNEXIN = A Gap junction protein; DACH = Dachshund homolog, a nuclear factor; DAN = Differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma, a BMP inhibitor; DELTA = Single-pass transmembrane ligand for Notch, mediating cell-cell interactions; DIX = Domain protein important in WNT and other protein-protein interactions; DLX = Distal-less family of homeobox protein; DLX = The Distal-less (Dlx) family of genes; ET1 = Endothelin 1, s secreted signaling peptide; EYA = Eyes absent homolog, a transcription factor; EYA = The EYA1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that plays a role in regulating the activity of other genes; it is a transcription factor or transcription coactivator; Espin = Ectoplasmic specialization protein or autosomal recessive deafness protein; FGF = Fibroblast growth factor; FGFR = Fibroblast growth factor receptor; FOX = Forkhead box transcription factor; GATA = Transcription factors binding to the “GATA” DNA sequence; GBX = Gastrulation and brain-specific homeobox protein; GSC = Goosecoid, a homeobox protein; HES = Hairy and enhancer of split bHLH transcription factors; HLH = Helix-loop-helix transcription factor; HOX = A homeobox protein; JAGGED =A ligand for the receptor Notch; KSS = Kearns-Sayre syndrome; LFNG = Lunatic Fringe, a member of the fringe gene family of GlcNAc-transferases, which modify Notch signaling; LUNATIC FRINGE = A gene whose role in embryonic development is to establish the anterior boundary of regions; MATH = Mammalian atonal homologue one (also known as Atoh1), a proneural protein; MELAS = Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and strokelike episode; MERRF = Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers; MIDD = Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness; MSX = Muscle segment homeobox gene; Myosin = A family of ATP-dependent motor proteins; NEUROD = Neuronal differentiation, a basic helix-loop helix transcription factor; NOTCH = A transmembrane receptor for Delta and Serrate, mediating cell-cell interactions; NT3 = Neurotrophin-3, a secreted growth factor; NUMB = Encodes a protein that plays a role in determining cell fates during development; OTX = Orthodenticle-related homeobox gene; PAX = Paired box transcription factor; PENDRIN = A sodium-independent chloride/iodide transporter; POU = Pou domain transcription factors; PRX = Paired class homeobox gene; RA = Retinoic acid; SERRATE = Transmembrane ligand for NOTCH; SHH =Sonic hedgehog, a secreted signaling factor; SIX = Sine oculis homeobox transcription factor; SOX = Sry-related homeobox gene; TGF = Transforming growth factor; TIMP = Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; TM = Tympanic membrane; WNT = Wingless/int1 family of secreted signaling molecules
Document Type: Research Article
Publication date: September 1, 2016
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