@article {Varzaneh:2022:2637-8329:176,
title = "Deciphering the Clinical Trials of Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: What a Neuroradiologist Needs to Know",
journal = "Neurographics",
parent_itemid = "infobike://asnr/ng",
publishercode ="asnr",
year = "2022",
volume = "12",
number = "4",
publication date ="2022-10-01T00:00:00",
pages = "176-187",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "2637-8329",
eissn = "2637-8329",
url = "https://asnr.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/asnr/ng/2022/00000012/00000004/art00001",
doi = "doi:10.3174/ng.2100055",
keyword = "CTLA-4 = cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4, EGFRvIII = epidermal growth factor receptor variant III, STAT3 = signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, GBM = glioblastoma, PD-L1 = programmed death-ligand 1, DC = dendritic cell, OS = overall survival, JAK2 = Janus kinase 2, PD-1 = programmed cell death protein 1, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, MGMT = O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, APC = antigen presenting cell",
author = "Varzaneh, F.N. and Merkaj, S. and Petersen, G.C. and Bahar, R.C. and Jekel, L. and Pala, A. and Malhotra, A. and Ivanidze, J. and Aboian, M.",
abstract = "Glioblastoma is the most common malignant adult primary intracranial neoplasm. Although a multidisciplinary approach combining surgical resection followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy is currently applied to the target glioblastoma, prognosis and survival outcomes are poor.
Consequently, a range of immunotherapeutic approaches is being actively investigated to address the need for more efficacious glioblastoma treatments. Given the rapid growth of immunotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma, neuroradiologists need to be familiar with the basic concepts and
mechanisms of immunotherapy, along with the current state and future directions in this field. In the present study, we review different types of immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and glioblastoma vaccines, as well as their application to the treatment of glioblastoma.
Moreover, we review clinical trials of immunotherapy in glioblastoma, discuss reasons for trial failure, and summarize future directions for research.Learning Objective: To describe the different types of immunotherapies and their application to the treatment of glioblastoma and explain
the results of associated clinical trials along with reasons for trial failure and future directions",
}