@article {Som:2020:2637-8329:163,
title = "The Role of the Placodes in the Development of the Glossopharyngeal, Vagal, and Trigeminal Ganglia",
journal = "Neurographics",
parent_itemid = "infobike://asnr/ng",
publishercode ="asnr",
year = "2020",
volume = "10",
number = "3",
publication date ="2020-06-01T00:00:00",
pages = "163-181",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "2637-8329",
eissn = "2637-8329",
url = "https://asnr.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/asnr/ng/2020/00000010/00000003/art00008",
doi = "doi:10.3174/ng.1900007",
keyword = "Capping protein = binds in a calcium-dependent manner to fast-growing barbed ends of actin filaments, SNAIL = a family of transcription factors that promote the repression of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin to regulate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during embryonic development, OTX2 = orthodenticle homeobox 2 is a protein coding gene, PAX = paired box transcription factors 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, IRX = Iroquois homeobox proteins 1, 2, 3, EMT = epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, r = rhombomere, E-cadherin = epithelial cadherin, FOXD3 = regulates pluripotent stem cell potential by simultaneously initiating and repressing enhancer activity, SIX = family of nuclear factors, LRP6 = LDL receptor-related protein 6 is a protein coding gene, MMP = matrix metalloproteinase, Tubulin = part of the protein superfamily of globular proteins; it is a major component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton, TGF-β pathway = a signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of proliferation, differentiation, and survival or apoptosis of many cells, SLIT = a family of secreted extracellular matrix proteins that play an important signaling role in the neural development, MET = mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, WISE = the secreted protein; has been shown to modulate WNT signaling and also to inhibit BMP signals; modulation of WNT signaling activity is brought about by an interaction with the WNT co-receptor LRP6, whereas BMP inhibition is by binding to BMP ligands, PCP pathway = the WNT/PCP signaling pathway controls tissue polarity and cell movement, PPR = pre-placodal region, N-cadherin = a protein involved with cell-cell adhesion, differentiation, embryogenesis, invasion, and signaling; these proteins are transmembrane receptors that facilitate cell-extracellular matrix adhesions, MID1 = midline 1 is a protein coding gene, C-MYC = a proto-oncogene that encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein that plays a role in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and cellular transformation, CTF2 = breakdown segment of N-cadherin, Actin polymerizing module = regulates polarized cell growth, ZIC1 Znc1 = acts as a transcriptional activator; involved in neurogenesis, GBX = GBX-2 is a homeobox protein that in humans is encoded by the GBX2 gene, Catenin = a family of proteins found in complexes with cadherin cell adhesion molecules, ROBO = Roundabout is a family of proteins and Robo-Slit is the name of a cell signaling pathway with many diverse functions, including axon guidance and angiogenesis, PP2A = protein phosphatase 2, also known as PP2A, is an enzyme that is ubiquitously expressed, accounting for a large fraction of phosphatase activity in eukaryotic cells, PROFILIN = an actin-binding protein involved in restructuring of the actin cytoskeleton, BMP = bone morphogenetic protein, represents a group of growth factors also known as cytokines and as metabologens (includes αBMP), WNT = wingless/int1 family of secreted signaling molecules, FASCIN = a protein that induces membrane protrusion and increases cell motility, NOTCH = this signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms, EYA = eyes absent homolog, a transcription factor, WNT pathway = are a group of signal transduction pathways made of proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors, CIL = contact inhibition of locomotion is a process whereby a cell ceases motility or changes its trajectory on collision with another cell, SDF1α = stromal cell-derived factor-1α is a chemokine that plays a major role in cell trafficking and homings, PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor, RAC = a protein found in humans that is involved in a wide variety of cellular functions such as cell polarity, vesicular trafficking, the cell cycle, and transcriptional dynamics, Cadherin = calcium-dependent adhesion is a type of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that is important in the formation of adheren junctions to bind cells with each other, P120 catenin = an essential regulator of cadherin stability, adhesion-induced signaling, SOX 9, 10 = gene family that encodes a family of transcription factors that belong to a superfamily of genes characterized by a homologous sequence called the HMG-box (for high mobility group); this HMG box is a DNA binding domain that is highly conserved throughout eukaryotic species, FGF = fibroblast growth factor, CXCR4 = receptor for SDF1α, ECM = extracellular matrix, SMAD pathway = a family of structurally similar proteins that are the main signal transducers for receptors of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily and which are critically important for regulating cell development and growth, PCP = planar cell polarity, AP-2α = a transcription factor that regulates cell migration and apoptosis",
author = "Som, P.M.",
abstract = "The epibranchial placodes combine with the neural crest to form the inferior and superior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal and vagal cranial nerves, respectively. By comparison, the single trigeminal ganglion is composed of both neural crest and placodal cells. The steps that lead up
to these events include gastrulation and the embryology of the notochord, neural crest, and the placodes. Each of these steps is reviewed in some detail. In previous reviews in this series, the embryology related to the olfactory, otic, and lens placodes, and to the geniculate ganglia has
been discussed.1-3 However, the somewhat unusual embryology of the 2 ganglia of cranial nerves IX and X was only briefly mentioned as was the development of the trigeminal ganglion.4 This present review revisits these events and specifically focuses on how these ganglia
develop.Learning Objective: The reader will learn the unusual development of the superior and inferior glossopharyngeal and the vagal ganglia as well as review the varied steps in the embryology that proceeds these events. By comparison, the development of the single trigeminal ganglion
is presented and the differences in its development from that of the ganglia of cranial nerves IX and X are emphasized.",
}