@article {Som:2016:2637-8329:43,
title = "The Current Embryology of the Foregut and Its Derivatives",
journal = "Neurographics",
parent_itemid = "infobike://asnr/ng",
publishercode ="asnr",
year = "2016",
volume = "6",
number = "1",
publication date ="2016-01-01T00:00:00",
pages = "43-63",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "2637-8329",
eissn = "2637-8329",
url = "https://asnr.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/asnr/ng/2016/00000006/00000001/art00006",
doi = "doi:10.3174/ng.1160142",
keyword = "PHOX2b = paired-like homeobox 2b, also known as neuroblastoma PHOX (NBPHOX), a “homeodomain” transcription factor expressed in the autonomic nervous system, WNT = wingless/int1 family of secreted signaling molecules, RA = retinoic acid, FGF = fibroblastic growth factor, NKX1, 2 = homeobox proteins, PDX = pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1, also known as insulin promoter actor 1, EYA = eyes absent homolog, a transcription factor, PAX = paired box transcription factor, P63 = a member of the p53 family of transcription factors, MYOD= myogenic differentiation gene, a muscle specific basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor, TGF = transforming growth factor, PTCH = patched protein, a receptor in the Hedgehog signaling pathway, Myogenin = a muscle-specific basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor, GSC = homeobox protein Goosecoid, ALK = activin receptor-like kinase (now ACVR), TITF1/TTF-1 = thyroid transcription factor 1 (now known as Nkx2‐1, a homeobox factor), EOMESODERMIN = T-box brain protein-2 (Tbr2), a T-box transcription factor, MASH-1/ASCL1 = mammalian achaete-scute homologous gene/achaete-scute complex homolog-1, SHH = Sonic hedgehog protein, Laminin = a major protein in the basal lamina, a layer of the basement membrane, SOX = Sry-related homeobox gene, BMP = bone morphogenetic protein, MRF = myogenic regulatory factors, TFC = thyroid follicular cell, Hh = Hedgehog signaling pathway, Crescent = frizzled related protein-2 or frzb2, a dorsal-ventral patterning protein, RET proto-oncogene = “rearranged during transfection,” a receptor tyrosine kinase, Nodal = a secreted ligand that belongs to the TGFβ superfamily, TNF = tumor necrosis factor, LIM = Lin1/Isl1/Mec3 class of zinc finger transcription factors, Noggin = a BMP antagonist involved in many forms embryonic of development, TBX1 = T-box protein-1 aka testis-specific T-box, a transcription factor, FOXA = forkhead box transcription factor, HOXA = a homeobox protein, GATA= transcription factors binding to the “GATA” DNA sequence, CDX = caudal type homeobox protein, Neurotrophin = a family of proteins that promote the survival, development, and function of neurons, GLI2/3 = hedgehog-dependent transcription factors, ACT1β = actin-1β, a nonmuscle cytoskeletal actin",
author = "Som, P.M. and Grapin-Botton, A.",
abstract = "The initial development of the foregut precedes the future development of a number of derivatives that all arise from it. These structures include the pharynx, tongue, larynx, trachea, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. Because the larynx embryology was discussed in an earlier review
in this series, it will not be discussed in this present review. Each of the remaining areas develop in their own specialized way, and an understanding of how these areas arise allows a fuller understanding of their anatomy. In addition, the embryology provides insight into the congenital
problems that can happen when normal development does not occur. We are starting to understand the molecular pathways that drive this embryology, and this information is allowing an even greater insight into both the normal and abnormal development of these structures. The molecular biology
presented is primarily based on work in animal models. The text is highly illustrated to make the embryology more easily understood.Learning Objective: Understand how the complex embryology of the foregut produces anatomic variants and pathology in its derivative tissues.",
}