@article {Som:2017:2637-8329:215,
title = "Embryology, Variations, and Innervations of the Human Neck Muscles",
journal = "Neurographics",
parent_itemid = "infobike://asnr/ng",
publishercode ="asnr",
year = "2017",
volume = "7",
number = "3",
publication date ="2017-06-01T00:00:00",
pages = "215-242",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "2637-8329",
eissn = "2637-8329",
url = "https://asnr.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/asnr/ng/2017/00000007/00000003/art00008",
doi = "doi:10.3174/ng.3170206",
keyword = "FGF = fibroblast growth factor, MYOD = a transcription factor protein that plays a major role in regulating muscle differentiation, NOTCH = Notch signaling pathway is a highly conserved cell signaling system present in most multicellular organisms; there are 4 different notch receptors, referred to as NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3, and NOTCH4; the notch receptor is a single-pass transmembrane receptor protein and notch
signaling is required in regulating cell polarity and cell‐cell communication, mRNA = messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template; during transcription it mediates the transfer of genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis, WNT = Wingless/int1 family of secreted signaling molecules",
author = "Som, P.M. and Laitman, J.T.",
abstract = "The embryology of the muscles of the neck and face have been somewhat neglected in the literature. In part, this reflects the fact that relatively little is actually known regarding the development of these muscles. However, a picture has emerged that reveals that the neck muscles have
branchial, myotomic, and mesenchymal origins. This review discussed what is presently known regarding the embryology of these muscles, with drawings to help the reader follow the text. It also discussed the variants of these muscles, which can cause confusion during surgery, and the embryology
and variations of the nerves that innervate these muscles.Learning Objective: The reader will understand the origins of the various muscles of the face and neck, and the origins of the nerves that innervate these muscles.",
}