@article {Som:2017:2637-8329:129,
title = "The Current Concepts of the Embryology of the Lymphatic System",
journal = "Neurographics",
parent_itemid = "infobike://asnr/ng",
publishercode ="asnr",
year = "2017",
volume = "7",
number = "2",
publication date ="2017-04-01T00:00:00",
pages = "129-150",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "2637-8329",
eissn = "2637-8329",
url = "https://asnr.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/asnr/ng/2017/00000007/00000002/art00008",
doi = "doi:10.3174/ng.2170198",
keyword = "NEMO NF-kappa-B essential modulator gene, RAC1 = also known as Ras-related C3l, CYP26B1 = a gene encoding a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, P13K = phosphoinositde 3-kinase, ClES-2 = COUP transcription factor two also known as NR2F2 (nuclear receptor subfamily 2, group F, member 2), GJC2 = gap junction protein 2, ECM = extracellular matrix, PECAM-1 = platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, KRAS = Kirsten rat sarcoma gene, CXCR5 = lymphoid chemokine receptor, Ephrin = receptor for EPH, ALK-1 = activin receptor-like kinase 1, NOTCH = NOTCH signaling is required in regulating cell polarity and cell-cell communication, Dll4 = delta-like 4, α9 = neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit, CD = cluster of differentiation molecule, RA = retinoic acid, RΟγt = orphan nuclear hormone receptor, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor, CDC42 = cell division control protein 42, myocardin A smooth muscle‐specific transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor, SOS1 = son of sevenless homolog 1, PROX-1 = prospero-related homeobox-1, NRP = neuropilin, NFATC1 = nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent-1, SLC = human solute carrier, FOXC2 = Forkhead box protein C2, MET = receptor for HGF, TRANCE = THF-related activation-induced cytokine, VCAM = vascular cell adhesion molecule, LVC = lymphatic valve-forming cell, CCR7 = lymphoid chemokine 7, PTPN14,11 = protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 14, 11, Podoplanin = a mucin-type glycoprotein expressed on lymphatic endothelial cells, CER7 = arabidopsis thaliana gene 7, HIF-1 = hypoxia inducible factor, PLCγ2 = phospholipase C gamma 2 protein, LT = lymphotoxin (α and β), Integrin a5b1 = mediates cell adhesion and migration on fibronectin, HEV = high endothelial venule, GATA = globin transcription factor 1, CCL = lymphoid chemokine, MMP = matrix metalloproteinase, LTi = lymphoid tissue inducer, EPH = belongs to the subfamily of protein-tyrosine kinase family and serves as ligands for the ephrin receptor, CLEC-2 = A receptor on platelets, PDGF = platelet-derived growth factor, EMILIN-1 = an elastic microfibule-associated protein found in the ECM, ICAM1+ = intercellular adhesion molecule, FIAF = fasting-induced adipose factor, FN-E111A = fibronectin protein, LEC = lymphatic endothelial cell, CXCL = lymphoid chemokine (C-X-C motif chemokine also known as B lymphocyte chemoattractant protein), LYVE-1 = A transmembrane receptor for glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan, HGF = hepatocyte growth factor, CCBE1 = collagen and calcium binding protein, ID2 = the negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix protein signaling, TIE = tyrosine kinase receptor, SLP6SH2 = SLP76SH2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa, IL = interleukin, ANG = angiopoietin, SYK = spleen tyrosine kinase protein or Helsingin Suomalainen Yhteiskoulu molecule: tyrosine kinase, SLP = adapter protein involved in signal transduction cascade, mRNA = messenger RNA chain, NKRAS = homolog of KRAS, SOX = sex determining region Y-box transcription factor, COUP-TFII = COUP (chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter) transcription factor 2, TGFβ = transforming growth factor β, MC = mesenchymal organizer cell",
author = "Som, P.M. and Francois, M.",
abstract = "The overall lymphatic system is the major factor in maintaining the integrity of our cellular immunity as well as in playing a role in lipid metabolism and hormone transport. There is a major interest in the ability of certain tumors to induce lymphangiogenesis and the potential impact
that this may have on treatment. The lymph nodes also play a significant role as prognosticators of survival in cancer patients, and, the more complete our knowledge of this critical system, the better one can appreciate its complexity and function. The best place to start is with the origin
of the lymphatic vasculature. In the head and neck, this vascular network arises primarily from the anterior cardinal veins as well as from the intersomitic veins and the superficial venous plexus. Thus, to fully understand lymphangiogenesis, it is necessary to briefly review vasculogenesis
and angiogenesis to appreciate how these vessels arise. This review examined the current concepts of the development first of the vascular system and then of the lymphatic system. The review was highly illustrated to assist the reader in understanding the embryology. There also was a brief
section noting the congenital abnormalities that may arise when the embryology goes awry.Learning Objective: To understand how the lymphatic system develops and what can go wrong when it does not develop normally.",
}