@article {Saket:2011:2637-8329:2,
title = "Autoimmune-Mediated Encephalopathy: Classification, Evaluation, and MR Imaging Patterns of Disease",
journal = "Neurographics",
parent_itemid = "infobike://asnr/ng",
publishercode ="asnr",
year = "2011",
volume = "1",
number = "1",
publication date ="2011-06-01T00:00:00",
pages = "2-16",
itemtype = "ARTICLE",
issn = "2637-8329",
eissn = "2637-8329",
url = "https://asnr.publisher.ingentaconnect.com/content/asnr/ng/2011/00000001/00000001/art00002",
doi = "doi:10.3174/ng.1110001",
keyword = "N/A = not applicable, IVIG = intravenous immunoglobulin, HE = Hashimoto's encephalopathy, HSV = herpes simplex virus, GAD = glutamic acid decarboxylase, TTG = transglutaminase, TG = thyroglobulin, anti-TPO = anti-thyroperoxidase, IgG = immunoglobulin G, LGI1 = leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1, anti-TTG = anti-transglutaminase, ANNA-1 = antineuronal nuclear antibody type 1, SIADH = syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion, EEG = electroencephalography, CEC = celiac disease, epilepsy, cerebral calcifications, NMDAR = N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor, 18F-FDG PET = fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron-emission tomography, GABABR = γ-aminobutyric acid receptor B, AMPAR = α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus, SCLC = small cell lung carcinoma, VGKC = voltage-gated potassium channel, MRI = MR imaging, IgA = immunoglobulin A, CNS = central nervous system, TPO = thyroperoxidase, FLAIR = fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, AME = autoimmune-mediated encephalopathy, GABA = γ-aminobutyric acid, CRMP-5 = collapsin response-mediator protein-5, anti-TG = anti-thyroglobulin, SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus",
author = "Saket, Ramin R. and Geschwind, Michael D. and Josephson, S. Andrew and Douglas, Vanja C. and Hess, Christopher P.",
abstract = "There is growing awareness of the AMEs, an increasingly common group of disorders that lead to cognitive impairment and an array of neurologic syndromes. AMEs can mimic infection, systemic inflammatory disease, demyelinating disease, toxic-metabolic disorders, and primary neurodegenerative
disorders, and the group of AMEs is often overlooked as a diagnostic consideration. AMEs can be divided into paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic autoimmune disorders. They can be distinguished by their association with autoantibodies, often directed against antigens in the CNS, and by the
pattern of abnormalities on MR imaging. In these conditions, recognizable MR imaging patterns include limbic encephalitis, cerebellar degeneration, striatal encephalitis, brain stem encephalitis, and leukoencephalopathy. Because many of these conditions are reversible, familiarity with the
clinical and imaging features may allow radiologists to recognize them and appropriately include them on the differential diagnosis. This familiarity may also facilitate the clinical work-up and treatment for these patients.",
}